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a new problem has arisen

  • 1 plantear

    v.
    me planteó sus preocupaciones he put his concerns to me, he raised his concerns with me
    2 to propose (proponer) (solución, posibilidad).
    plantean una solución radical al cambio climático they are proposing a radical solution to climate change
    3 to put forward, to discuss, to raise, to present.
    María aventuró una sugerencia Mary ventured a suggestion.
    4 to propose to.
    * * *
    1 (pregunta) to pose, raise; (cuestión) to raise; (acuerdo) to suggest
    2 (problema, dificultad) to cause, give rise to
    3 (trazar un plan) to plan, outline
    4 MATEMÁTICAS (problema) to formulate
    1 to consider
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=exponer)
    a) [+ situación, problema] to bring up, raise

    plantéaselo todo tal como es — explain o put the situation to him exactly as it is

    planteado el problema en estos términos... — with the problem expressed o put in these terms...

    b) (Mat) [+ ecuación, problema] to set out
    2) (=proponer) [+ cambio, posibilidad] to suggest
    3) (=causar) [+ problema] to pose, create
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (Mat) < problema> to set out
    b) ( exponer)
    2) (causar, provocar) <problemas/dificultades> to create, cause
    2.
    plantearse v pron
    1) ( considerar) <problema/posibilidad> to think about, consider
    2) ( presentarse) problema/posibilidad to arise

    se me planteó una disyuntiva — I came up against o I was faced with a dilemma

    * * *
    = pose, articulate, posit, put forward, put forth.
    Ex. This illustrates the puzzle that differential policies pose for users.
    Ex. From time to time librarians do catch a fleeting glimpse of how others see them when some journalist or academic does articulate this widespread phobia.
    Ex. We can choose to turn our backs on these principles with fatuous arguments which posit their anachronism and the nonexistent intelligence of computing machinery.
    Ex. One of the key recommendations put forward in the programme was the confirmation of the responsibility of the national bibliographic agency for establishing the authoritative form of name for its country's.
    Ex. Relevant cultural policy issues are explored, and recommendations are put forth for enhancing Canadian cultural sovereignty through book publishing.
    ----
    * plantear a la luz de = discuss + in the light of.
    * plantear dificultad = pose + difficulty.
    * plantear dificultades = raise + difficulties.
    * plantear dudas = raise + doubts.
    * plantear la necesidad = articulate + the need.
    * plantear la posibilidad = raise + possibility.
    * plantear la posibilidad de = discuss + the possibility of.
    * plantearle a Alguien una cuestión = put before + Nombre + an issue.
    * plantearse = conceptualise [conceptualize, -USA], flirt, teeter + on the edge of.
    * plantearse dudas = have + second thoughts.
    * plantearse un objetivo = adopt + goal.
    * plantear una cuestión = bring forth + issue, issue + arise, pose + question, raise + argument, raise + issue, raise + point, open up + issue.
    * plantear una idea = raise + idea.
    * plantear una posibilidad = pose + possibility.
    * plantear una probabilidad = pose + possibility.
    * plantear un desafío = pose + challenge.
    * plantear un problema = pose + dilemma, pose + problem, raise + question, raise + concern, raise + issue, raise + problem, articulate + problem.
    * plantear un reto = pose + challenge.
    * problema + plantearse = problem + come with.
    * volver a plantearse = reconceive of.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (Mat) < problema> to set out
    b) ( exponer)
    2) (causar, provocar) <problemas/dificultades> to create, cause
    2.
    plantearse v pron
    1) ( considerar) <problema/posibilidad> to think about, consider
    2) ( presentarse) problema/posibilidad to arise

    se me planteó una disyuntiva — I came up against o I was faced with a dilemma

    * * *
    = pose, articulate, posit, put forward, put forth.

    Ex: This illustrates the puzzle that differential policies pose for users.

    Ex: From time to time librarians do catch a fleeting glimpse of how others see them when some journalist or academic does articulate this widespread phobia.
    Ex: We can choose to turn our backs on these principles with fatuous arguments which posit their anachronism and the nonexistent intelligence of computing machinery.
    Ex: One of the key recommendations put forward in the programme was the confirmation of the responsibility of the national bibliographic agency for establishing the authoritative form of name for its country's.
    Ex: Relevant cultural policy issues are explored, and recommendations are put forth for enhancing Canadian cultural sovereignty through book publishing.
    * plantear a la luz de = discuss + in the light of.
    * plantear dificultad = pose + difficulty.
    * plantear dificultades = raise + difficulties.
    * plantear dudas = raise + doubts.
    * plantear la necesidad = articulate + the need.
    * plantear la posibilidad = raise + possibility.
    * plantear la posibilidad de = discuss + the possibility of.
    * plantearle a Alguien una cuestión = put before + Nombre + an issue.
    * plantearse = conceptualise [conceptualize, -USA], flirt, teeter + on the edge of.
    * plantearse dudas = have + second thoughts.
    * plantearse un objetivo = adopt + goal.
    * plantear una cuestión = bring forth + issue, issue + arise, pose + question, raise + argument, raise + issue, raise + point, open up + issue.
    * plantear una idea = raise + idea.
    * plantear una posibilidad = pose + possibility.
    * plantear una probabilidad = pose + possibility.
    * plantear un desafío = pose + challenge.
    * plantear un problema = pose + dilemma, pose + problem, raise + question, raise + concern, raise + issue, raise + problem, articulate + problem.
    * plantear un reto = pose + challenge.
    * problema + plantearse = problem + come with.
    * volver a plantearse = reconceive of.

    * * *
    plantear [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ( Mat) ‹problema› to set out
    2
    (exponer): plantéale las cosas tal como son tell him o explain to him exactly how things stand
    me planteó la situación de la siguiente manera he explained o put the situation to me in the following way
    planteó la necesidad de una reestructuración total she expressed the need for a total restructuring
    las reivindicaciones que plantearon the demands which they put forward o made
    le plantearé la cuestión a mi jefe I will raise the question with my boss, I will bring it up with my boss
    nos plantearon dos opciones they presented us with o gave us two options
    le planteé la posibilidad de ir de vacaciones a Grecia I suggested going to Greece on vacation
    B (causar, provocar) ‹problemas/dificultades› to create, cause
    su dimisión planteó graves problemas his resignation created o caused serious problems
    esto plantea situaciones cómicas this gives rise to o creates comic situations
    C ‹enfrentamiento/debate› to engage in
    A (considerar) ‹problema/posibilidad› to think about, consider
    ¿te has planteado lo que harás cuando termines de estudiar? have you thought about o considered what you'll do when you finish your studies?
    nunca me había planteado esa posibilidad I had never considered that possibility
    B (presentarse) «problema/posibilidades» to arise
    se nos ha planteado un nuevo problema a new problem has arisen o has come up, we have encountered o come across a new problem
    se me planteó la siguiente disyuntiva I came up against o I was faced with the following dilemma
    se le planteó la necesidad de abandonar el país he found he had to leave the country, he was faced with a situation in which he had to leave the country
    * * *

     

    plantear ( conjugate plantear) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹teoría/razones› to set out

    b) ( exponer) ‹tema/pregunta› to raise;


    plantearle algo a algn to raise sth with sb;
    le plantearé la cuestión a mi jefe I'll raise the matter with my boss;
    nos plantearon dos opciones they presented us with o gave us two options;
    le planteé la posibilidad de ir a Grecia I suggested going to Greece
    2 ‹problemas/dificultades› to pose
    plantearse verbo pronominal
    1 ( considerar) ‹problema/posibilidad› to think about, consider
    2 ( presentarse) [problema/posibilidad] to arise
    plantear verbo transitivo
    1 (una duda, un problema) to pose, raise
    2 (hacer una sugerencia) to suggest, propose
    3 (causar) to create, cause
    ' plantear' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abordar
    English:
    bring up
    - pose
    - present
    - propound
    - raise
    - state
    - point
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [formular] [problema matemático] to set out
    2. [exponer] [reivindicación] to put forward;
    [dificultad, duda, cuestión] to raise;
    me planteó sus preocupaciones he put his concerns to me, he raised his concerns with me
    3. [proponer] [solución, posibilidad] to propose;
    plantean una solución radical al cambio climático they are proposing a radical solution to climate change;
    nos plantearon la posibilidad de abandonar they asked us to consider the possibility of withdrawing
    4. [presentar] [problema] to pose
    * * *
    v/t
    1 dificultad, problema pose, create
    2 cuestión raise
    * * *
    1) : to set forth, to bring up, to suggest
    2) : to establish, to set up
    3) : to create, to pose (a problem)
    * * *
    1. (ocasionar) to cause / to create
    2. (presentar) to raise

    Spanish-English dictionary > plantear

  • 2 nuevo

    adj.
    new, modern, recent, novel.
    * * *
    1 new
    2 (adicional) further
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 newcomer (principiante) beginner; (universidad) fresher (US freshman)
    \
    de nuevo again
    coger a alguien de nuevas to take somebody by surprise
    estar (como) nuevo,-a (objeto) to be as good as new 2 (persona) to feel like new, feel as good as new
    hacerse de nuevas to pretend not to know
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? familiar what's new?
    * * *
    (f. - nueva)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=no usado) new

    como nuevo: estos pantalones están como nuevos — these trousers are just like new

    2) (=recién llegado) new
    3)

    de nuevo — (=otra vez) again

    * * *
    - va adjetivo
    1)
    a) [ser] <coche/casa/trabajo> new
    b) (delante del n) <intento/cambio> further

    ha surgido un nuevo problema — another o a further problem has arisen

    c) [ser] <estilo/enfoque> new

    ¿qué hay de nuevo? — (fam) what's new? (colloq)

    todavía lo tengo nuevecito or (CS) nuevito — it's still as good as new

    2)
    * * *
    = emerging, fresh, new [newer -comp., newest -sup.], renewed, rising, unfamiliar, unworn, emergent, fledging, fledgling [fledgeling], uncharted, unchartered, brand new, ever-new, up-and-coming, new found [new-found/newfound], evolving, changing.
    Ex. We have too much invested for us to assume any longer that we can, by sheer force of will, temper their influence on emerging standards.
    Ex. This is a fresh avenue of approach to classification, and shows some promise.
    Ex. The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.
    Ex. This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex. It is not enough to train the rising generation to meet their new responsibilities, for irreversible decisions must be made before they come to maturity.
    Ex. We are used to background noise in air conditioned buildings but the introduction of additional and unfamiliar sounds from AV equipment may be disturbing.
    Ex. A printer who wanted to achieve a sharp impression from unworn type of even height to paper would put hard rather than soft packing in the tympan.
    Ex. Books for emergent readers should facilitate the acquisition of these concepts.
    Ex. Venture capitalists funded fledging companies in the early days of information technology some of which went on to dominate the market.
    Ex. This article describes the experiences of a fledgling information system in dealing with a hurricane which wreaked devastation on some of the most remote areas of Hawaii = Este artículo describe las experiencias de un sistema de información nuevo al verse afectado por un huracán que devastó algunas de las zonas más remotas de Hawaii.
    Ex. News of boundless timber reserves spread, and before long lumberjacks from the thinning hardwood forests of New England swarmed into the uncharted area with no other possessions than their axes and brawn and the clothing they wore.
    Ex. This author agrees that the facts listed above are unchartered.
    Ex. Information on small, sometimes brand new, companies in the chemical and biotechnology industries is often difficult to find.
    Ex. He was then able to compare sources that made correlations possible and raised ever-new questions.
    Ex. The journal kept me in touch with the established authors in the field but also the new, up-and-coming writers.
    Ex. This could help readers gain a newfound appreciation of each others' childhood through books.
    Ex. One of the objectives is to produce a statement of the role of the Library in the evolving national information program over the next five to seven years.
    Ex. These are the kinds of problems that characteristically arise in the complex and continually changing milieu of libraries and media and information centers.
    ----
    * abrir nuevas fronteras = forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevas posibilidades = open up + new territory, open up + possibilities, open + possibilities.
    * abrir nuevos caminos = break + new ground, push + Nombre + into new latitudes, break + ground, blaze + trail.
    * abrir nuevos horizontes = open + new realms, forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevos mercados = branch into.
    * activo de nuevo = up and about.
    * adquirir una nueva dimensión = take on + new dimension.
    * adquirir un nuevo significado = take on + new dimension.
    * alfombrar de nuevo = recarpet [re-carpet].
    * analizar de nuevo = reexamine [re-examine].
    * añadir una nueva dimensión = add + new dimension.
    * Año Nuevo = New Year.
    * apoyar de nuevo = reendorse.
    * aprender de nuevo = relearn.
    * asumir una nueva faceta = take on + new dimension.
    * Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York = New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).
    * borrón y cuenta nueva = a fresh start, clean slate, new leaf.
    * búsqueda de nuevos genes = gene-harvesting.
    * cobrar nuevo entusiasmo = develop + renewed enthusiasm.
    * colocar de nuevo en los estantes = reshelve [re-shelve].
    * comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again, recommence, make + a new start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * comenzar una nueva vida = make + a new life for + Reflexivo.
    * como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * compañía de nueva creación = startup [start-up].
    * concebirse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * convocar de nuevo = reconvene.
    * crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].
    * dar a Algo una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.
    * dar a Algo una nueva perspectiva = give + Nombre + a new twist.
    * dar nueva forma = reformat [re-format].
    * dar nueva vida = give + Nombre + new life, give + a second life.
    * dar un nuevo acabado = refinish.
    * dar un nuevo impulso = pep up.
    * dar un nuevo nombre = rename.
    * de aspecto nuevo = new-looking.
    * de nueva ola = new-wave.
    * de nuevas formas = in new ways.
    * de nuevas maneras = in new ways.
    * de nuevo = again, once again, yet again, afresh, anew, all over again, redux, over again.
    * de nuevo en este caso = here again.
    * de nuevo en pie = up and about.
    * de nuevos modos = in new ways.
    * desarrollo de nuevos productos = product development.
    * de una nueva forma = in a new way.
    * de una nueva manera = in a new way.
    * de un nuevo modo = in a new way.
    * el nuevo aspecto de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.
    * empezar de nuevo = a fresh start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * empezar una nueva etapa en la vida = turn over + a new page, turn over + a new leaf.
    * empresa de nueva creación = this sort of thing, startup [start-up].
    * enseñar de nuevo = retrain [re-train].
    * entrada de nuevo = re-entry [reentry].
    * enviar de nuevo = resend [re-send].
    * explorar nuevos horizontes = move on to + pastures new.
    * hacer borrón y cuenta nueva = start with + a clean slate, turn over + a new leaf.
    * hacerlo de nuevo = go and do it again.
    * hasta nuevo aviso = until further notice.
    * idea nueva = fresh idea.
    * infundir nueva vida a = breathe + (new) life into.
    * inscribir de nuevo = reregister.
    * intentar de nuevo = retry [re-try].
    * introducir de nuevo = re-enter [reenter].
    * ir con la nueva ola = ride + wave.
    * lista de nuevas adquisiciones = acquisitions list.
    * llevar a Algo a una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.
    * luna nueva = new moon.
    * mencionar de nuevo = restate [re-state].
    * mencionar de nuevo innecesariamente = belabour [belabor, -USA].
    * mostrar de nuevo = redisplay.
    * nacido de nuevo = born again.
    * Nueva Brunswick = New Brunswick.
    * nueva edición = new edition.
    * nueva era = new age.
    * Nueva Escocia = Nova Scotia.
    * nueva evaluación = reappraisal.
    * Nueva Gales del Sur = New South Wales.
    * Nueva Guinea = New Guinea.
    * nueva idea = reform idea.
    * Nueva Inglaterra = New England.
    * nueva lectura = rereading [re-reading].
    * nueva línea = linefeed.
    * Nueva Ola, la = New Wave, the.
    * Nueva Orleans = New Orleans.
    * nueva perspectiva = new light.
    * nueva promesa = rising star.
    * nueva redacción = redraft, rewrite [re-write].
    * nuevas fronteras = new horizons.
    * nueva tirada = rerun.
    * nueva versión = upgrade, remake.
    * nueva vida = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * nueva visita = return visit.
    * Nueva York = New York (NY).
    * Nueva Zelanda = New Zealand (NZ).
    * nuevo análisis = reanalysis [reanalyses, -pl.].
    * nuevo comienzo = new beginning, clean slate, new leaf.
    * Nuevo Méjico = New Mexico.
    * nuevo miembro = entrant.
    * Nuevo Mundo, el = New World, the.
    * nuevo nombramiento = reappointment.
    * nuevo resurgir = second wind.
    * nuevos avances = future development(s).
    * nuevos conversos, los = recently converted, the.
    * nuevos horizontes = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * nuevos retos = new horizons.
    * nuevos tiempos, los = wind(s) of change, the.
    * Nuevo Testamento = New Testament (N.T.).
    * nuevo valor = newcomer.
    * nuevo vecino del barrio = new kid on the block.
    * NYPL (Biblioteca Pública de Nueva York) = NYPL (New York Public Library).
    * pintar de nuevo = repaint [re-paint].
    * prensentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = present + Nombre + in a new light.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva óptica = throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = throw + Nombre + in a new light.
    * presentar Algo desde un nuevo ángulo = throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on, throw + new light on.
    * presentarse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * reunirse de nuevo = reconvene.
    * salir de nuevo = come back out.
    * sangre nueva = new blood.
    * sentirse como nuevo = be right as rain.
    * surgiendo de nuevas = on the rebound.
    * un nuevo comienzo = a fresh start.
    * un nuevo impulso = a new lease of life.
    * ver Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = view + Nombre + in a new light, see + Nombre + in a new light.
    * ver desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on.
    * ver + Nombre + con nuevos ojos = view + Nombre + through fresh eyes.
    * vino nuevo en pellejos viejos = new wine in old wineskins.
    * víspera de Año Nuevo = New Year's Eve.
    * vivir de nuevo = relive.
    * volver de nuevo = come back out.
    * * *
    - va adjetivo
    1)
    a) [ser] <coche/casa/trabajo> new
    b) (delante del n) <intento/cambio> further

    ha surgido un nuevo problema — another o a further problem has arisen

    c) [ser] <estilo/enfoque> new

    ¿qué hay de nuevo? — (fam) what's new? (colloq)

    todavía lo tengo nuevecito or (CS) nuevito — it's still as good as new

    2)
    * * *
    = emerging, fresh, new [newer -comp., newest -sup.], renewed, rising, unfamiliar, unworn, emergent, fledging, fledgling [fledgeling], uncharted, unchartered, brand new, ever-new, up-and-coming, new found [new-found/newfound], evolving, changing.

    Ex: We have too much invested for us to assume any longer that we can, by sheer force of will, temper their influence on emerging standards.

    Ex: This is a fresh avenue of approach to classification, and shows some promise.
    Ex: The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.
    Ex: This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex: It is not enough to train the rising generation to meet their new responsibilities, for irreversible decisions must be made before they come to maturity.
    Ex: We are used to background noise in air conditioned buildings but the introduction of additional and unfamiliar sounds from AV equipment may be disturbing.
    Ex: A printer who wanted to achieve a sharp impression from unworn type of even height to paper would put hard rather than soft packing in the tympan.
    Ex: Books for emergent readers should facilitate the acquisition of these concepts.
    Ex: Venture capitalists funded fledging companies in the early days of information technology some of which went on to dominate the market.
    Ex: This article describes the experiences of a fledgling information system in dealing with a hurricane which wreaked devastation on some of the most remote areas of Hawaii = Este artículo describe las experiencias de un sistema de información nuevo al verse afectado por un huracán que devastó algunas de las zonas más remotas de Hawaii.
    Ex: News of boundless timber reserves spread, and before long lumberjacks from the thinning hardwood forests of New England swarmed into the uncharted area with no other possessions than their axes and brawn and the clothing they wore.
    Ex: This author agrees that the facts listed above are unchartered.
    Ex: Information on small, sometimes brand new, companies in the chemical and biotechnology industries is often difficult to find.
    Ex: He was then able to compare sources that made correlations possible and raised ever-new questions.
    Ex: The journal kept me in touch with the established authors in the field but also the new, up-and-coming writers.
    Ex: This could help readers gain a newfound appreciation of each others' childhood through books.
    Ex: One of the objectives is to produce a statement of the role of the Library in the evolving national information program over the next five to seven years.
    Ex: These are the kinds of problems that characteristically arise in the complex and continually changing milieu of libraries and media and information centers.
    * abrir nuevas fronteras = forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevas posibilidades = open up + new territory, open up + possibilities, open + possibilities.
    * abrir nuevos caminos = break + new ground, push + Nombre + into new latitudes, break + ground, blaze + trail.
    * abrir nuevos horizontes = open + new realms, forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevos mercados = branch into.
    * activo de nuevo = up and about.
    * adquirir una nueva dimensión = take on + new dimension.
    * adquirir un nuevo significado = take on + new dimension.
    * alfombrar de nuevo = recarpet [re-carpet].
    * analizar de nuevo = reexamine [re-examine].
    * añadir una nueva dimensión = add + new dimension.
    * Año Nuevo = New Year.
    * apoyar de nuevo = reendorse.
    * aprender de nuevo = relearn.
    * asumir una nueva faceta = take on + new dimension.
    * Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York = New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).
    * borrón y cuenta nueva = a fresh start, clean slate, new leaf.
    * búsqueda de nuevos genes = gene-harvesting.
    * cobrar nuevo entusiasmo = develop + renewed enthusiasm.
    * colocar de nuevo en los estantes = reshelve [re-shelve].
    * comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again, recommence, make + a new start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * comenzar una nueva vida = make + a new life for + Reflexivo.
    * como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * compañía de nueva creación = startup [start-up].
    * concebirse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * convocar de nuevo = reconvene.
    * crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].
    * dar a Algo una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.
    * dar a Algo una nueva perspectiva = give + Nombre + a new twist.
    * dar nueva forma = reformat [re-format].
    * dar nueva vida = give + Nombre + new life, give + a second life.
    * dar un nuevo acabado = refinish.
    * dar un nuevo impulso = pep up.
    * dar un nuevo nombre = rename.
    * de aspecto nuevo = new-looking.
    * de nueva ola = new-wave.
    * de nuevas formas = in new ways.
    * de nuevas maneras = in new ways.
    * de nuevo = again, once again, yet again, afresh, anew, all over again, redux, over again.
    * de nuevo en este caso = here again.
    * de nuevo en pie = up and about.
    * de nuevos modos = in new ways.
    * desarrollo de nuevos productos = product development.
    * de una nueva forma = in a new way.
    * de una nueva manera = in a new way.
    * de un nuevo modo = in a new way.
    * el nuevo aspecto de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.
    * empezar de nuevo = a fresh start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * empezar una nueva etapa en la vida = turn over + a new page, turn over + a new leaf.
    * empresa de nueva creación = this sort of thing, startup [start-up].
    * enseñar de nuevo = retrain [re-train].
    * entrada de nuevo = re-entry [reentry].
    * enviar de nuevo = resend [re-send].
    * explorar nuevos horizontes = move on to + pastures new.
    * hacer borrón y cuenta nueva = start with + a clean slate, turn over + a new leaf.
    * hacerlo de nuevo = go and do it again.
    * hasta nuevo aviso = until further notice.
    * idea nueva = fresh idea.
    * infundir nueva vida a = breathe + (new) life into.
    * inscribir de nuevo = reregister.
    * intentar de nuevo = retry [re-try].
    * introducir de nuevo = re-enter [reenter].
    * ir con la nueva ola = ride + wave.
    * lista de nuevas adquisiciones = acquisitions list.
    * llevar a Algo a una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.
    * luna nueva = new moon.
    * mencionar de nuevo = restate [re-state].
    * mencionar de nuevo innecesariamente = belabour [belabor, -USA].
    * mostrar de nuevo = redisplay.
    * nacido de nuevo = born again.
    * Nueva Brunswick = New Brunswick.
    * nueva edición = new edition.
    * nueva era = new age.
    * Nueva Escocia = Nova Scotia.
    * nueva evaluación = reappraisal.
    * Nueva Gales del Sur = New South Wales.
    * Nueva Guinea = New Guinea.
    * nueva idea = reform idea.
    * Nueva Inglaterra = New England.
    * nueva lectura = rereading [re-reading].
    * nueva línea = linefeed.
    * Nueva Ola, la = New Wave, the.
    * Nueva Orleans = New Orleans.
    * nueva perspectiva = new light.
    * nueva promesa = rising star.
    * nueva redacción = redraft, rewrite [re-write].
    * nuevas fronteras = new horizons.
    * nueva tirada = rerun.
    * nueva versión = upgrade, remake.
    * nueva vida = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * nueva visita = return visit.
    * Nueva York = New York (NY).
    * Nueva Zelanda = New Zealand (NZ).
    * nuevo análisis = reanalysis [reanalyses, -pl.].
    * nuevo comienzo = new beginning, clean slate, new leaf.
    * Nuevo Méjico = New Mexico.
    * nuevo miembro = entrant.
    * Nuevo Mundo, el = New World, the.
    * nuevo nombramiento = reappointment.
    * nuevo resurgir = second wind.
    * nuevos avances = future development(s).
    * nuevos conversos, los = recently converted, the.
    * nuevos horizontes = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * nuevos retos = new horizons.
    * nuevos tiempos, los = wind(s) of change, the.
    * Nuevo Testamento = New Testament (N.T.).
    * nuevo valor = newcomer.
    * nuevo vecino del barrio = new kid on the block.
    * NYPL (Biblioteca Pública de Nueva York) = NYPL (New York Public Library).
    * pintar de nuevo = repaint [re-paint].
    * prensentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = present + Nombre + in a new light.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva óptica = throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = throw + Nombre + in a new light.
    * presentar Algo desde un nuevo ángulo = throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on, throw + new light on.
    * presentarse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * reunirse de nuevo = reconvene.
    * salir de nuevo = come back out.
    * sangre nueva = new blood.
    * sentirse como nuevo = be right as rain.
    * surgiendo de nuevas = on the rebound.
    * un nuevo comienzo = a fresh start.
    * un nuevo impulso = a new lease of life.
    * ver Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = view + Nombre + in a new light, see + Nombre + in a new light.
    * ver desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on.
    * ver + Nombre + con nuevos ojos = view + Nombre + through fresh eyes.
    * vino nuevo en pellejos viejos = new wine in old wineskins.
    * víspera de Año Nuevo = New Year's Eve.
    * vivir de nuevo = relive.
    * volver de nuevo = come back out.

    * * *
    nuevo -va
    A
    1 [ SER] (de poco tiempo) ‹coche/juguete/ropa› new
    me lo dejaron como nuevo it was as good as new when I got it back
    soy nuevo en la oficina I'm new in the office
    2 [ SER] (que sustituye a otro) ‹casa/novio/trabajo› new
    3 ( delante del n) (otro) ‹intento/cambio› further
    ha surgido un nuevo problema another o a further problem has arisen
    decidieron darle una nueva oportunidad they decided to give him another chance
    4 [ SER] (original, distinto) ‹estilo/enfoque› new
    no dijo nada nuevo she didn't say anything new
    ¿que hay de nuevo? ( fam); what's new? ( colloq)
    5 [ ESTAR] (no desgastado) as good as new
    todavía lo tengo nuevo or (CS) nuevito it's still as good as new
    Compuestos:
    feminine new wave
    fpl new technology
    ● nuevo rico, nueva rica
    masculine, feminine nouveau riche
    masculine New Testament
    B
    de nuevo again
    de nuevo tengo el honor de … again o once again o once more I have the privilege of …
    * * *

     

    nuevo
    ◊ -va adjetivo

    a) [ser] ‹estilo/coche/novio› new;


    de nuevo again;
    ¿qué hay de nuevo what's new? (colloq);
    nuevo rico nouveau riche
    b) ( delante del n) ‹intento/cambio› further;

    ◊ ha surgido un nuevo problema another o a further problem has arisen;

    Nnuevo Testamento New Testament
    c) [estar] ( no desgastado) as good as new

    nuevo,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 new: tengo un coche nuevo, I've got a new car
    2 (añadido) further: hay nuevas averías, there are further faults
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino newcomer
    (novato) beginner
    ♦ Locuciones: de nuevo, again
    ' nuevo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adicta
    - adicto
    - ambicionar
    - ambientarse
    - año
    - astronómica
    - astronómico
    - aterrizar
    - aviso
    - cara
    - cercado
    - continente
    - decir
    - desarrollar
    - editar
    - emocionada
    - emocionado
    - emplazar
    - entusiasmada
    - entusiasmado
    - escorrentía
    - estallido
    - excavar
    - flotación
    - ir
    - generar
    - hablar
    - impresión
    - incorporarse
    - mirlo
    - N. T.
    - nada
    - nueva
    - replantar
    - rumbo
    - sacar
    - salida
    - sanear
    - tener
    - testamento
    - vaya
    - contar
    - cuño
    - día
    - entrada
    - entrante
    - feliz
    - flamante
    - haber
    - inédito
    English:
    advertise
    - afford
    - afresh
    - again
    - agony
    - ambivalent
    - amorphous
    - analyst
    - anew
    - anticipate
    - arrest
    - assignment
    - austerity
    - authenticity
    - back
    - bash out
    - beating
    - bomb
    - book
    - brag
    - brand-new
    - bring up
    - brink
    - call back
    - chapter
    - clean
    - come out
    - comedown
    - commit
    - crisp
    - daunt
    - delay
    - design
    - dissuade
    - do
    - donation
    - drastic
    - drum up
    - exploit
    - fail
    - find
    - format
    - forthcoming
    - founder
    - fresh
    - fund
    - further
    - game
    - get
    - go up
    * * *
    nuevo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [reciente] new;
    tengo una casa nueva I've got a new house;
    es el nuevo director he's the new manager
    Nueva Caledonia New Caledonia;
    el nuevo continente [América] the New World;
    Nueva Delhi New Delhi;
    nuevo economía new economy;
    Hist Nueva España New Spain [Spanish colonial viceroyalty that included Mexico, the southern part of the US and parts of Central America]; Hist Nueva Granada New Granada [Spanish colonial viceroyalty that included the central and northwestern parts of South America];
    Nueva Guinea New Guinea;
    Nueva Inglaterra New England;
    Nueva Jersey New Jersey;
    Nuevo México New Mexico;
    el Nuevo Mundo the New World;
    la nueva ola the New Wave;
    el nuevo orden mundial the new world order;
    Nueva Orleans New Orleans;
    nuevo rico nouveau riche;
    nuevo sol [moneda] new sol;
    nuevas tecnologías new technology;
    el Nuevo Testamento the New Testament;
    Nueva York New York;
    Nueva Zelanda New Zealand
    2. [poco usado] new;
    este abrigo está nuevo this coat is new;
    un poco de betún y quedarán como nuevos with a bit of polish they'll be as good as new;
    después del baño me quedé como nuevo I felt like a new person after my bath
    3. [inédito] new;
    esto es nuevo para mí, no lo sabía that's news to me, I didn't know it
    4. [sin experiencia] new;
    soy nuevo en esta clase I'm new in this class;
    es nuevo en la profesión he's new to the profession
    5. [hortaliza] new, fresh;
    [vino] young
    6. [repetido] renewed,
    de nuevo again;
    se han producido nuevos enfrentamientos there have been renewed clashes
    ♦ nm,f
    newcomer
    * * *
    adj
    1 new;
    sentirse como nuevo feel like new;
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? what’s new?
    2 ( otro) another;
    de nuevo again
    * * *
    nuevo, -va adj
    1) : new
    una casa nueva: a new house
    ¿qué hay de nuevo?: what's new?
    2)
    de nuevo : again, once more
    * * *
    nuevo adj new
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? what's new?

    Spanish-English dictionary > nuevo

  • 3 surgir

    v.
    1 to happen, to turn up, to come up, to occur.
    Algo surgió ayer Something happened yesterday.
    2 to rise, to stand out, to advance, to excel.
    Surgimos después de la quiebra We rose after the bankruptcy.
    3 to appear, to emerge, to arise, to bob up.
    Surgió un animal en la oscuridad An animal appeared in the darkness.
    4 to happen unexpectedly to, to happen to.
    Nos surgió algo bueno ayer Something good happened to us yesterday.
    5 to spurt, to spout, to spring up, to issue forth.
    El agua surge del manantial The water spurts from the spring.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ DIRIGIR], like link=dirigir dirigir
    1 (agua) to spring forth, spurt up
    2 figurado (aparecer - gen) to appear, emerge; (- dificultades) to crop up, arise, come up
    3 MARÍTIMO to anchor
    * * *
    verb
    to arise, emerge
    * * *
    VI
    1) (=aparecer) [gen] to arise, emerge, appear; [líquido] to spout, spout out, spurt; [barco] [en la niebla] to loom up; [persona] to appear unexpectedly
    2) [dificultad] to arise, come up, crop up
    3) (Náut) to anchor
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    a) manantial to rise
    b) (aparecer, salir) problema/dificultad to arise, come up, emerge; interés/sentimiento to develop, emerge; idea to emerge, come up; tema to come up, crop up; movimiento/partido to come into being, arise

    surgir DE algo: una silueta surgió de entre las sombras — a shape rose up from o loomed up out of the shadows

    * * *
    = arise, become + available, come into + being, crop up, emerge, rise, pop up, come into + existence, burgeon, surface, grow up, dawn, spring, come through, come up, come with, break out, burst forth, source, pop, set in.
    Ex. The place of publication may also warn of biases in approach or differences in terminology that arise in the text.
    Ex. Mini and micro computers will become cheaper and information retrieval software will become available in more financially attractive, user friendly and tried and tested packages.
    Ex. I think it would be useful to take just a few minutes to talk about how our institutions come into being.
    Ex. Although same problems with software applications, hardware and user training programmes had cropped up periodically, on balance, users are reasonably pleased with their acquisitions.
    Ex. In 1961 an International Conference on Cataloguing Principles was held in Paris, and a statement of principles emerged, which became known as the Paris Principles.
    Ex. The public library has two choices: to follow the dodo or to rise again like the phoenix.
    Ex. It can pop up in one form one week and in another form another week.
    Ex. Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.
    Ex. The other principal omission from UNESCO's 1950 listing was report literature -- a field of published record which has burgeoned in the last thirty years = La otra omisión principal de la lista de 1950 de la UNESCO fueron los informes, un área que se ha desarrollado en los últimos treinta años.
    Ex. Power struggles are surfacing at major academic institutions across the USA.
    Ex. In the 1920s and 30s factory libraries grew up in all types of industries, particularly textile industries, but their size and quality varied.
    Ex. However, because of the long duration of feudal society, modern civilization, including modern libraries, dawned in China later than in the industrialized Western countries.
    Ex. My point is that all literature, every example we can think of, depends for its existence on the tradition out of which it springs -- even the most avant of the avant-garde.
    Ex. More sophisticated accreditation systems are coming through, but these are currently relatively little used in these areas, and are more common in ecommerce applications.
    Ex. She outlined the tasks she had been assigned and mentioned that if any emergencies came up she was the person to bring them to.
    Ex. The problem comes with ideographic languages.
    Ex. Loud, unscripted quarrels between unshaven peasants break out in odd corners of the auditorium and add to the liveliness.
    Ex. It seems the passions of the people were only sleeping and burst forth with a terrible fury.
    Ex. What this has meant is that in the 20th century, ideas are being sourced from all over the globe; and at the speed oflight, so to speak.
    Ex. The azaleas are popping, the redbuds are in their finest attire, and the dogwoods are lacy jewels at the edge of the wood.
    Ex. Open or compound fractures were usually fatal prior to the advent of antiseptics in the 1860s because infection would set in.
    ----
    * cuando le surja la necesidad = at + Posesivo + time of need.
    * cuestión + surgir = issue + surface.
    * dificultad + surgir = difficulty + arise.
    * emergencia + surgir = emergency + arise.
    * idea + surgir = idea + come up.
    * oportunidad + surgir = opportunity + arise.
    * peligro + surgir = danger + arise.
    * prejuicio + surgir = prejudice + arise.
    * problema + surgir = problem + arise, problem + surface, problem + come with.
    * según surja la ocasión = as the occasion arises.
    * situación + surgir = situation + arise.
    * surgiendo de nuevas = on the rebound.
    * surgir amenazadoramente = rear + its head.
    * surgir de = arise out of, be rooted in, develop out of, emanate from, grow out of, stem from, spin off, come out of, spring off from, be born of.
    * surgir de nuevo = re-arise.
    * surgir de un modo confuso = grow + like Topsy.
    * surgir la circunstancia = circumstance + arise.
    * surgir malentendidos = arise + misunderstandings.
    * surgir sospechas = arise + suspicion.
    * surgir una complicación = arise + complication.
    * surgir una cuestión = issue + arise, arise + question.
    * surgir una dificultad = arise + difficulty.
    * surgir una necesidad = need + arise.
    * surgir una ocasión = occasion + arise.
    * surgir un defecto = arise + fault.
    * surgir un problema de credibilidad = credibility gap + arise.
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    a) manantial to rise
    b) (aparecer, salir) problema/dificultad to arise, come up, emerge; interés/sentimiento to develop, emerge; idea to emerge, come up; tema to come up, crop up; movimiento/partido to come into being, arise

    surgir DE algo: una silueta surgió de entre las sombras — a shape rose up from o loomed up out of the shadows

    * * *
    = arise, become + available, come into + being, crop up, emerge, rise, pop up, come into + existence, burgeon, surface, grow up, dawn, spring, come through, come up, come with, break out, burst forth, source, pop, set in.

    Ex: The place of publication may also warn of biases in approach or differences in terminology that arise in the text.

    Ex: Mini and micro computers will become cheaper and information retrieval software will become available in more financially attractive, user friendly and tried and tested packages.
    Ex: I think it would be useful to take just a few minutes to talk about how our institutions come into being.
    Ex: Although same problems with software applications, hardware and user training programmes had cropped up periodically, on balance, users are reasonably pleased with their acquisitions.
    Ex: In 1961 an International Conference on Cataloguing Principles was held in Paris, and a statement of principles emerged, which became known as the Paris Principles.
    Ex: The public library has two choices: to follow the dodo or to rise again like the phoenix.
    Ex: It can pop up in one form one week and in another form another week.
    Ex: Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.
    Ex: The other principal omission from UNESCO's 1950 listing was report literature -- a field of published record which has burgeoned in the last thirty years = La otra omisión principal de la lista de 1950 de la UNESCO fueron los informes, un área que se ha desarrollado en los últimos treinta años.
    Ex: Power struggles are surfacing at major academic institutions across the USA.
    Ex: In the 1920s and 30s factory libraries grew up in all types of industries, particularly textile industries, but their size and quality varied.
    Ex: However, because of the long duration of feudal society, modern civilization, including modern libraries, dawned in China later than in the industrialized Western countries.
    Ex: My point is that all literature, every example we can think of, depends for its existence on the tradition out of which it springs -- even the most avant of the avant-garde.
    Ex: More sophisticated accreditation systems are coming through, but these are currently relatively little used in these areas, and are more common in ecommerce applications.
    Ex: She outlined the tasks she had been assigned and mentioned that if any emergencies came up she was the person to bring them to.
    Ex: The problem comes with ideographic languages.
    Ex: Loud, unscripted quarrels between unshaven peasants break out in odd corners of the auditorium and add to the liveliness.
    Ex: It seems the passions of the people were only sleeping and burst forth with a terrible fury.
    Ex: What this has meant is that in the 20th century, ideas are being sourced from all over the globe; and at the speed oflight, so to speak.
    Ex: The azaleas are popping, the redbuds are in their finest attire, and the dogwoods are lacy jewels at the edge of the wood.
    Ex: Open or compound fractures were usually fatal prior to the advent of antiseptics in the 1860s because infection would set in.
    * cuando le surja la necesidad = at + Posesivo + time of need.
    * cuestión + surgir = issue + surface.
    * dificultad + surgir = difficulty + arise.
    * emergencia + surgir = emergency + arise.
    * idea + surgir = idea + come up.
    * oportunidad + surgir = opportunity + arise.
    * peligro + surgir = danger + arise.
    * prejuicio + surgir = prejudice + arise.
    * problema + surgir = problem + arise, problem + surface, problem + come with.
    * según surja la ocasión = as the occasion arises.
    * situación + surgir = situation + arise.
    * surgiendo de nuevas = on the rebound.
    * surgir amenazadoramente = rear + its head.
    * surgir de = arise out of, be rooted in, develop out of, emanate from, grow out of, stem from, spin off, come out of, spring off from, be born of.
    * surgir de nuevo = re-arise.
    * surgir de un modo confuso = grow + like Topsy.
    * surgir la circunstancia = circumstance + arise.
    * surgir malentendidos = arise + misunderstandings.
    * surgir sospechas = arise + suspicion.
    * surgir una complicación = arise + complication.
    * surgir una cuestión = issue + arise, arise + question.
    * surgir una dificultad = arise + difficulty.
    * surgir una necesidad = need + arise.
    * surgir una ocasión = occasion + arise.
    * surgir un defecto = arise + fault.
    * surgir un problema de credibilidad = credibility gap + arise.

    * * *
    surgir [I7 ]
    vi
    1 «manantial» to rise
    un chorro surgía de entre las rocas water gushed from o spouted out from between the rocks
    2 (aparecer, salir) «problema/dificultad» to arise, come up, emerge; «interés/sentimiento» to develop, emerge; «idea» to emerge, come up
    han surgido impedimentos de última hora some last-minute problems have come up o arisen
    ¿y cómo surgió ese tema? and how did that subject come up o crop up?
    el amor que surgió entre ellos the love that sprang up between them
    surgir DE algo:
    una silueta surgió de entre las sombras a shape rose up from o loomed up out of the shadows
    de la familia han surgido muchos músicos the family has produced many musicians
    han surgido muchas empresas de este tipo a lot of companies of this kind have sprung up o emerged
    el movimiento surgió como respuesta a esta injusticia the movement came into being as a response to o arose in response to this injustice
    3 (desprenderse, deducirse) surgir DE algo:
    del informe surge que … the report shows that …
    ¿qué surge de todo esto? what can be deduced from all this?
    * * *

     

    surgir ( conjugate surgir) verbo intransitivo [ manantial] to rise;
    [problema/dificultad] to arise, come up, emerge;
    [interés/sentimiento] to develop, emerge;
    [ idea] to emerge, come up;
    [ tema] to come up, crop up;
    [movimiento/partido] to come into being, arise
    surgir verbo intransitivo
    1 (sobrevenir, aparecer) to arise, come up: surgió un imprevisto, something cropped up o came up
    una extraña figura surgió de la oscuridad, a strange shape loomed up out of the darkness
    2 (manar) to rise, spout out, spring forth
    ' surgir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    brotar
    - plantearse
    - salir
    - venir
    - nacer
    English:
    arise
    - come up
    - crop up
    - emerge
    - spring up
    - come
    - crop
    - develop
    - grow
    - spring
    * * *
    surgir vi
    1. [brotar] to emerge, to spring;
    un manantial surgía entre las rocas a spring emerged among the rocks, water sprang from among the rocks
    2. [aparecer] to appear;
    surgió de detrás de las cortinas he emerged from behind the curtains;
    el rascacielos surgía entre los edificios del centro the skyscraper rose o towered above the buildings Br in the city centre o US downtown
    3. [producirse] to arise;
    se lo preguntaré si surge la ocasión I'll ask her if the opportunity arises;
    la idea surgió cuando… the idea occurred to him/her/ etc when…;
    nos surgieron varios problemas we ran into a number of problems;
    me han surgido varias dudas I have a number of queries;
    nos ha surgido una dificultad de última hora a last-minute difficulty has arisen o come up;
    están surgiendo nuevos destinos turísticos new tourist destinations are emerging o appearing;
    un banco surgido como resultado de la fusión de otros dos a bank that came into being o emerged as a result of the merger of two other banks;
    un movimiento surgido tras la guerra a movement which emerged after the war
    * * *
    v/i
    1 fig
    emerge; de problema tb come up
    2 de agua spout
    * * *
    surgir {35} vi
    : to rise, to arise, to emerge
    * * *
    surgir vb to come up [pt. came; pp. come] / to arise [pt. arose; pp. arisen]

    Spanish-English dictionary > surgir

  • 4 común

    adj.
    1 common, average, ordinary, commonplace.
    2 common, regular, everyday, usual.
    3 common, joint, general, group.
    * * *
    1 (gen) common
    2 (compartido) shared, communal
    3 (amigos) mutual
    1 the community
    1 PLÍTICA the Commons
    \
    fuera de lo común out of the ordinary
    hacer algo en común to do something jointly
    por lo común generally
    tener en común (parecerse) to have in common 2 (compartir) to share
    bien común common good
    el común de la gente the majority of people
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=compartido) [afición, intereses] common; [amigo] mutual

    tienen una serie de características comunes — they share a series of features, they have a series of common features o features in common

    • común a algn/algo — common to sb/sth

    lo común a todas las democracias — what all democracies share in common, a feature common to all democracies

    2) (=colectivo) [causa, frente, espacio] common; [gastos] communal

    • tener algo en común — to have sth in common

    • hacer algo en común — to do sth together

    • poner en común — [+ iniciativas, problemas] to share

    acuerdo 1), bien 4., 2), denominador, fosa, lugar 1), mercado, sentido 2., 1), b)
    3) (=frecuente) [enfermedad, opinión] common, widespread; [costumbre] widespread; [cualidad] common, ordinary

    • común y corriente — perfectly ordinary

    • fuera de lo común — exceptional, extraordinary

    tiene una voz única, algo fuera de lo común — she has a unique voice, quite exceptional o extraordinary

    • por lo común — as a rule

    • común y silvestre — LAm perfectly ordinary

    delincuente, nombre 2)
    4) Esp (Educ) [asignatura] core
    2. SM
    1)

    el común de los mortales — ordinary mortals, any ordinary person

    2) * (=retrete) toilet, bathroom
    3) (Pol) [en el Reino Unido]
    * * *
    1)
    a) <intereses/características> common (before n); < amigo> mutual

    en común: no tenemos nada en común we have nothing in common; una cuenta bancaria en común a joint bank account; le hicimos un regalo en común we gave her a joint present; hicieron el trabajo en común they did the work together; no está acostumbrada a la vida en común con otras personas — she is not used to living with other people

    2) (corriente, frecuente) common

    común y corriente — (normal, nada especial) ordinary; < expresión> common

    es una casa común y corriente — it's just an ordinary house, the house is nothing special

    * * *
    = commonplace, common [commoner -comp., commonest -sup.], popular, run-of-the-mill, shared, standard, ubiquitous, collective, crosscutting [cross cutting], pooled, concerted, everyday, pervading, ordinary, communal, prosaic.
    Ex. Microfilm and microfiche formats are now commonplace in most libraries.
    Ex. When the cataloguer turns to the description of a piece of music a common problem will be the absence of a title page to be used as the chief source of information.
    Ex. Although the fifteenth edition met with some success, it was not generally popular.
    Ex. Guides are almost always worth thinking of as the first type of bibliography to search when it is a quick check of run-of-the-mill bibliographical facts which is required.
    Ex. A work of shared responsibility is one where the work has arisen from collaboration between two or more persons or corporative bodies.
    Ex. Photographs are normally kept in drawers of standard filing cabinets, with folders or pockets, or both.
    Ex. Worldwide, however, the printed book is still the most ubiquitous source of record = Sin embargo, el libro impreso es aún en todo el mundo la fuente de información escrita más común.
    Ex. 'I'm really not trying to put anyone on the spot and, frankly, I'm not too surprised and only a little disappointed at your collective ignorance,' he commented.
    Ex. The plan comprises over twenty projects addressing the partnership's three priority themes -- access, empowerment and governance -- and four crosscutting issues -- youth, the media, gender and local (community-based) knowledge.
    Ex. A group of 64 libraries realised substantial cost reductions by joining in a pooled fund to self-insure for unemployment compensation.
    Ex. There is an obvious need for a concerted and deliberate study of US information policy-making.
    Ex. We have too much invested, and the new systems too intimately integrated into the everyday operation of the library, for us to assume any longer that we can temper their influence on emerging standards.
    Ex. While not addressing specific issues the rejoinder focuses on a few pervading themes.
    Ex. Control is exercised over which terms are used, but otherwise the terms are ordinary words.
    Ex. Excavation in Qumran suggests that the people were organised on a highly communal basis and adept in the art of pottery and bookmaking.
    Ex. Take the prosaic problem of the great department store.
    ----
    * aura común = turkey vulture.
    * auxiliar común = common auxiliary.
    * bien común, el = common good, the, common wealth, the.
    * calderón común = pilot whale.
    * Cámara de los Comunes, la = House of Commons, the.
    * comunidad de prácticas comunes = community of practice.
    * común, lo = standard practice, the.
    * común y corriente = unremarkable.
    * crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.
    * crear un fondo común de experiencias profesionales = pool + expertise.
    * creencia común = common belief.
    * demasiado poco común = all too rare.
    * Denominación Común de Productos Industriales (NIPRO) = Common Nomenclature of Industrial Products (NIPRO).
    * denominador común = common thread.
    * en común con = in common with.
    * encontrar cosas comunes = find + common ground.
    * enfermedad poco común = rare disease.
    * espacio público común = commons.
    * experiencia profesional común = pool of expertise.
    * faceta común = common facet.
    * fondo común de conocimientos = pool of knowledge, pool of expertise.
    * fondo común de inversión = mutual fund.
    * fosa común = mass grave.
    * fuera de lo común = eccentric, odd, unordinary, out of the ordinary, a cut above the rest, a cut above.
    * gente común, la = ordinary people, common people, the.
    * gente común y corriente, la = common people, the.
    * hacer un frente común = stand up as + one.
    * harina común = all-purpose flour, plain flour.
    * interés común = shared interest.
    * intereses comunes = community of interest.
    * lechuza común = barn owl.
    * Lenguaje Común de Instrucción de EURONET = EURONET Common Command Language.
    * lo poco común = rarity, rareness.
    * lugar común de alimentación = feeding ground.
    * lugar común de encuentro = meeting ground.
    * más común = mainstream.
    * Mercado Común, el = Common Market, the.
    * nombre común = common name.
    * normas comunes = standard practices.
    * palabra común = common word.
    * persona común = ordinary person.
    * poco común = rare, unfamiliar, unusual, uncommon, unordinary, out of the ordinary.
    * práctica común = common practice.
    * práctica común, la = normal pattern, the.
    * proyecto en común = joint effort.
    * puntos comunes = common ground.
    * que era común anteriormente = once-common.
    * que fue común antes = once-common.
    * qué poco común = how odd.
    * resfriado común, el = common cold, the.
    * rorcual común = fin whale.
    * salón común = common room.
    * sentido común = common sense, good judgement, judgement [judgment], good sense.
    * ser algo común = be a fact of life, dominate + the scene, become + a common feature, be a part of life.
    * ser algo poco común = be the exception rather than the rule.
    * ser común = be the case (with).
    * ser demasiado común = be all too common.
    * subdivisión común = common subdivision.
    * subencabezamiento común = free-floating subdivision.
    * tener Algo en común = have + Nombre + in common, share + Nombre + in common.
    * tener características en común = share + similarities.
    * tener cosas en común = share + common ground.
    * tener en común = hold in + common, tread + common ground.
    * título común = common title.
    * trabajar en común = interwork, pull together.
    * trabajo en común = interworking.
    * * *
    1)
    a) <intereses/características> common (before n); < amigo> mutual

    en común: no tenemos nada en común we have nothing in common; una cuenta bancaria en común a joint bank account; le hicimos un regalo en común we gave her a joint present; hicieron el trabajo en común they did the work together; no está acostumbrada a la vida en común con otras personas — she is not used to living with other people

    2) (corriente, frecuente) common

    común y corriente — (normal, nada especial) ordinary; < expresión> common

    es una casa común y corriente — it's just an ordinary house, the house is nothing special

    * * *
    = commonplace, common [commoner -comp., commonest -sup.], popular, run-of-the-mill, shared, standard, ubiquitous, collective, crosscutting [cross cutting], pooled, concerted, everyday, pervading, ordinary, communal, prosaic.

    Ex: Microfilm and microfiche formats are now commonplace in most libraries.

    Ex: When the cataloguer turns to the description of a piece of music a common problem will be the absence of a title page to be used as the chief source of information.
    Ex: Although the fifteenth edition met with some success, it was not generally popular.
    Ex: Guides are almost always worth thinking of as the first type of bibliography to search when it is a quick check of run-of-the-mill bibliographical facts which is required.
    Ex: A work of shared responsibility is one where the work has arisen from collaboration between two or more persons or corporative bodies.
    Ex: Photographs are normally kept in drawers of standard filing cabinets, with folders or pockets, or both.
    Ex: Worldwide, however, the printed book is still the most ubiquitous source of record = Sin embargo, el libro impreso es aún en todo el mundo la fuente de información escrita más común.
    Ex: 'I'm really not trying to put anyone on the spot and, frankly, I'm not too surprised and only a little disappointed at your collective ignorance,' he commented.
    Ex: The plan comprises over twenty projects addressing the partnership's three priority themes -- access, empowerment and governance -- and four crosscutting issues -- youth, the media, gender and local (community-based) knowledge.
    Ex: A group of 64 libraries realised substantial cost reductions by joining in a pooled fund to self-insure for unemployment compensation.
    Ex: There is an obvious need for a concerted and deliberate study of US information policy-making.
    Ex: We have too much invested, and the new systems too intimately integrated into the everyday operation of the library, for us to assume any longer that we can temper their influence on emerging standards.
    Ex: While not addressing specific issues the rejoinder focuses on a few pervading themes.
    Ex: Control is exercised over which terms are used, but otherwise the terms are ordinary words.
    Ex: Excavation in Qumran suggests that the people were organised on a highly communal basis and adept in the art of pottery and bookmaking.
    Ex: Take the prosaic problem of the great department store.
    * aura común = turkey vulture.
    * auxiliar común = common auxiliary.
    * bien común, el = common good, the, common wealth, the.
    * calderón común = pilot whale.
    * Cámara de los Comunes, la = House of Commons, the.
    * comunidad de prácticas comunes = community of practice.
    * común, lo = standard practice, the.
    * común y corriente = unremarkable.
    * crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.
    * crear un fondo común de experiencias profesionales = pool + expertise.
    * creencia común = common belief.
    * demasiado poco común = all too rare.
    * Denominación Común de Productos Industriales (NIPRO) = Common Nomenclature of Industrial Products (NIPRO).
    * denominador común = common thread.
    * en común con = in common with.
    * encontrar cosas comunes = find + common ground.
    * enfermedad poco común = rare disease.
    * espacio público común = commons.
    * experiencia profesional común = pool of expertise.
    * faceta común = common facet.
    * fondo común de conocimientos = pool of knowledge, pool of expertise.
    * fondo común de inversión = mutual fund.
    * fosa común = mass grave.
    * fuera de lo común = eccentric, odd, unordinary, out of the ordinary, a cut above the rest, a cut above.
    * gente común, la = ordinary people, common people, the.
    * gente común y corriente, la = common people, the.
    * hacer un frente común = stand up as + one.
    * harina común = all-purpose flour, plain flour.
    * interés común = shared interest.
    * intereses comunes = community of interest.
    * lechuza común = barn owl.
    * Lenguaje Común de Instrucción de EURONET = EURONET Common Command Language.
    * lo poco común = rarity, rareness.
    * lugar común de alimentación = feeding ground.
    * lugar común de encuentro = meeting ground.
    * más común = mainstream.
    * Mercado Común, el = Common Market, the.
    * nombre común = common name.
    * normas comunes = standard practices.
    * palabra común = common word.
    * persona común = ordinary person.
    * poco común = rare, unfamiliar, unusual, uncommon, unordinary, out of the ordinary.
    * práctica común = common practice.
    * práctica común, la = normal pattern, the.
    * proyecto en común = joint effort.
    * puntos comunes = common ground.
    * que era común anteriormente = once-common.
    * que fue común antes = once-common.
    * qué poco común = how odd.
    * resfriado común, el = common cold, the.
    * rorcual común = fin whale.
    * salón común = common room.
    * sentido común = common sense, good judgement, judgement [judgment], good sense.
    * ser algo común = be a fact of life, dominate + the scene, become + a common feature, be a part of life.
    * ser algo poco común = be the exception rather than the rule.
    * ser común = be the case (with).
    * ser demasiado común = be all too common.
    * subdivisión común = common subdivision.
    * subencabezamiento común = free-floating subdivision.
    * tener Algo en común = have + Nombre + in common, share + Nombre + in common.
    * tener características en común = share + similarities.
    * tener cosas en común = share + common ground.
    * tener en común = hold in + common, tread + common ground.
    * título común = common title.
    * trabajar en común = interwork, pull together.
    * trabajo en común = interworking.

    * * *
    A
    1 ‹intereses/características› common ( before n); ‹amigo› mutual
    trabajar por el bien común/un objetivo común to work for the common good/a common objective
    características comunes a toda la especie characteristics common to o shared by the whole species
    un sentimiento común a todos los hombres a sentiment shared by all mankind
    2 ( en locs):
    de común acuerdo by common consent
    lo decidimos de común acuerdo ( frml); it was decided by common agreement o consent
    se separaron de común acuerdo they separated by mutual agreement o common consent
    la decisión fue tomada de común acuerdo con nuestros aliados the decision was taken in agreement o ( frml) in concert with our allies
    en común: tienen una cuenta bancaria en común they have a joint bank account
    le hicimos un regalo en común we gave her a joint present
    no tengo nada en común con él I have nothing in common with him
    no está acostumbrada a la vida en común con otras personas she is not used to living with other people o to communal living
    B (corriente, frecuente) common
    Juan Gómez es un nombre muy común Juan Gómez is a very common name
    un modelo fuera de lo común a very unusual model
    no es común que un niño sepa leer a esa edad it is unusual for a child to be able to read at that age
    es común que haya inundaciones en esta zona flooding is frequent o common in this area
    tiene una inteligencia poco común she is unusually intelligent
    por lo común as a rule
    común y corriente or ( AmL) silvestre ordinary ( before n)
    una blusa común y silvestre a fairly ordinary blouse
    murió como el común de los mortales he died just like any common mortal o ordinary person
    * * *

     

    común adjetivo
    a) ‹intereses/características› common ( before n);

    ‹ amigo› mutual
    b) ( en locs)


    de común acuerdo con algn in agreement with sb;
    en común ‹esfuerzo/regalo› joint ( before n);
    no tenemos nada en común we have nothing in common
    c) (corriente, frecuente) common;


    un modelo fuera de lo común a very unusual model;
    común y corriente (normal, nada especial) ordinary
    común
    I adjetivo
    1 (frecuente) common, usual: es poco común, it's unusual
    2 (ordinario, corriente) ordinary
    3 (compartido) shared, communal: nos une un interés común, we are united by a common interest
    II sustantivo masculino GB Pol los Comunes, the Commons
    ♦ Locuciones: de común acuerdo, by common consent
    en común, (conjuntamente) hacer algo en común, to do sthg jointly
    (característica compartida) tienen varios rasgos en común, they have several characteristics in common
    por lo común, generally
    ' común' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acuerdo
    - baja
    - bajo
    - cabeza
    - contraponer
    - convivencia
    - corriente
    - dato
    - denominador
    - despertarse
    - fondo
    - fosa
    - irse
    - juicio
    - llevar
    - múltipla
    - múltiplo
    - permitirse
    - rara
    - raro
    - sentar
    - sentida
    - sentido
    - soler
    - tela
    - tópica
    - tópico
    - única
    - único
    - uniforme
    - unitaria
    - unitario
    - vista
    - visto
    - vulgar
    - delincuente
    - imponer
    - mercado
    - norma
    - peculiar
    - rareza
    - tino
    English:
    appeal
    - base
    - cause
    - common
    - common denominator
    - common sense
    - commonplace
    - crane
    - cure
    - deserve
    - enjoy
    - gumption
    - in
    - intend
    - iota
    - jointly
    - kitty
    - mass grave
    - modicum
    - mutual
    - ordinary
    - original
    - partnership
    - pool
    - prevalent
    - rank
    - reason
    - run-of-the-mill
    - sense
    - stand out
    - uncommon
    - unusual
    - cliché
    - communal
    - consent
    - garden
    - house
    - lowest common denominator
    - ounce
    - plain
    - platitude
    - rarity
    - run
    - share
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [compartido] [amigo, interés] mutual;
    [bienes, pastos] communal;
    el bien común the common good;
    el motociclismo es nuestra afición común we both like motorcycling;
    ¿cómo llevan la vida en común? how are they finding living together?;
    hacer algo en común to do sth together;
    hacer algo de común acuerdo to do sth by mutual consent o agreement;
    es un rasgo común a todos los reptiles it's a characteristic shared by o common to all reptiles;
    pusimos nuestros recursos en común we pooled our resources;
    realizaron una puesta en común de lo observado they pooled their observations;
    tener algo en común to have sth in common;
    no tengo nada en común con ella I have nothing in common with her
    2. [habitual, normal] common;
    una enfermedad muy común en regiones tropicales a disease very common in tropical regions;
    es común que llueva en primavera it's normal for it to rain in spring, it often rains in spring;
    fuera de lo común out of the ordinary;
    poco común unusual;
    por lo común generally;
    común y corriente o Am [m5] silvestre run-of-the-mill;
    es una persona común y corriente he's a perfectly ordinary person
    3. [ordinario, vulgar] ordinary, average;
    un vino común an average o ordinary wine;
    una madera común a common type of wood
    ♦ nm
    como el común de los mortales like any ordinary person o common mortal
    * * *
    I adj common;
    poco común unusual, rare;
    por lo común generally;
    en común in common;
    tener algo en común have sth in common
    II m
    :
    el común de las gentes the common man
    * * *
    común adj, pl comunes
    1) : common
    2)
    común y corriente : ordinary, regular
    3)
    por lo común : generally, as a rule
    * * *
    común adj
    1. (en general) common
    2. (compartido) shared

    Spanish-English dictionary > común

  • 5 Consciousness

       Consciousness is what makes the mind-body problem really intractable.
    ... Without consciousness the mind-body problem would be much less interesting. With consciousness it seems hopeless. (T. Nagel, 1979, pp. 165-166)
       This approach to understanding sensory qualia is both theoretically and empirically motivated... [;] it suggests an effective means of expressing the allegedly inexpressible. The "ineffable" pink of one's current visual sensation may be richly and precisely expressed as a 95Hz/80Hz/80Hz "chord" in the relevant triune cortical system. The "unconveyable" taste sensation produced by the fabled Australian health tonic Vegamite might be poignantly conveyed as a 85/80/90/15 "chord" in one's four channeled gustatory system.... And the "indescribably" olfactory sensation produced by a newly opened rose might be quite accurately described as a 95/35/10/80/60/55 "chord" in some six-dimensional space within one's olfactory bulb. (P. M. Churchland, 1989, p. 106)
       One of philosophy's favorite facets of mentality has received scant attention from cognitive psychologists, and that is consciousness itself: fullblown, introspective, inner-world phenomenological consciousness. In fact if one looks in the obvious places... one finds not so much a lack of interest as a deliberate and adroit avoidance of the issue. I think I know why. Consciousness appears to be the last bastion of occult properties, epiphenomena, and immeasurable subjective states-in short, the one area of mind best left to the philosophers, who are welcome to it. Let them make fools of themselves trying to corral the quicksilver of "phenomenology" into a respectable theory. (Dennett, 1978b, p. 149)
       When I am thinking about anything, my consciousness consists of a number of ideas.... But every idea can be resolved into elements... and these elements are sensations. (Titchener, 1910, p. 33)
       A Darwin machine now provides a framework for thinking about thought, indeed one that may be a reasonable first approximation to the actual brain machinery underlying thought. An intracerebral Darwin Machine need not try out one sequence at a time against memory; it may be able to try out dozens, if not hundreds, simultaneously, shape up new generations in milliseconds, and thus initiate insightful actions without overt trial and error. This massively parallel selection among stochastic sequences is more analogous to the ways of darwinian biology than to the "von Neumann" serial computer. Which is why I call it a Darwin Machine instead; it shapes up thoughts in milliseconds rather than millennia, and uses innocuous remembered environments rather than noxious real-life ones. It may well create the uniquely human aspect of our consciousness. (Calvin, 1990, pp. 261-262)
       To suppose the mind to exist in two different states, in the same moment, is a manifest absurdity. To the whole series of states of the mind, then, whatever the individual, momentary successive states may be, I give the name of our consciousness.... There are not sensations, thoughts, passions, and also consciousness, any more than there is quadruped or animal, as a separate being to be added to the wolves, tygers, elephants, and other living creatures.... The fallacy of conceiving consciousness to be something different from the feeling, which is said to be its object, has arisen, in a great measure, from the use of the personal pronoun I. (T. Brown, 1970, p. 336)
       The human capacity for speech is certainly unique. But the gulf between it and the behavior of animals no longer seems unbridgeable.... What does this leave us with, then, which is characteristically human?.... t resides in the human capacity for consciousness and self-consciousness. (Rose, 1976, p. 177)
       [Human consciousness] depends wholly on our seeing the outside world in such categories. And the problems of consciousness arise from putting reconstitution beside internalization, from our also being able to see ourselves as if we were objects in the outside world. That is in the very nature of language; it is impossible to have a symbolic system without it.... The Cartesian dualism between mind and body arises directly from this, and so do all the famous paradoxes, both in mathematics and in linguistics.... (Bronowski, 1978, pp. 38-39)
       It seems to me that there are at least four different viewpoints-or extremes of viewpoint-that one may reasonably hold on the matter [of computation and conscious thinking]:
       A. All thinking is computation; in particular, feelings of conscious awareness are evoked merely by the carrying out of appropriate computations.
       B. Awareness is a feature of the brain's physical action; and whereas any physical action can be simulated computationally, computational simulation cannot by itself evoke awareness.
       C. Appropriate physical action of the brain evokes awareness, but this physical action cannot even be properly simulated computationally.
       D. Awareness cannot be explained by physical, computational, or any other scientific terms. (Penrose, 1994, p. 12)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Consciousness

  • 6 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 7 возникать

    •

    An earthquake is generated (or develops, or occurs) when two blocks...

    •

    The potential appearing across the output terminal is...

    •

    These forces arise from the displacement of the aileron.

    •

    The methylamines are widely distributed in nature where they arise probably as the result of decomposition of...

    •

    The strains that are brought about in steel during the hardening process...

    •

    Planets may come into being (or existence, or may result) when small planetesimals fall together.

    •

    Above 1000°F another process is coming into play.

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    Under such conditions, it is possible that a crack may develop in a furnace.

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    Under these conditions a bias will be developed because of the flow of electrons from grid to ground.

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    Problems invariably occur which call for...

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    A wave originating at point can reach any of the several detectors.

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    A model of this type can be changed many times during the construction as new problems present themselves.

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    Chemistry grew out of the black magic of the dark ages and the alchemy of the middle ages.

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    This definition came about because it simplified the study of control systems.

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    A dispute which ensued between the two groups...

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    These forces are generated in the earth's interior.

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    Shear is produced in columns by () variation in...

    II
    •

    Ultimately, a molecule similar to modern catalase came into existence.

    •

    Brain tumours are not likely to arise from a mature neuron.

    •

    Planets may result [or come into being (or existence)] when small planetesimals fall together.

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    As a result there occurs what is known as the Cerenkov effect.

    •

    These craters date back to a period of...

    •

    Interest in developing... goes back to the 1950s.

    III
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    Such forces occur when...

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    In our galaxy, supernovae occur once every 30 years or so.

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    Three questions might come to mind about the properties of...

    * * *
    Возникать -- to appear, to develop (появляться), to arise, to come into being; to emerge, to originate (о трудностях, вопросах)
     Several problems have arisen during the course of the work which have required system development.
     Did the Neolithic of southern Greece really come into being as abruptly as it now appears it did?
     To troubleshoot a scale system problem, first determine in which scale system element the problem originates.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > возникать

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